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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
کارمندان دولت
It had never had the level of acceptance from academics, intellectuals, senior judges and civil servants that the social democratic welfare sanction had enjoyed from their Nordic counterparts.
It was such experts whom Morgan (1978: 48) had referred to as 'the new establishment' - the cadre of civil servants, officials and academics
Indeed, the consensus to this effect between politicians, civil servants and academic critics of the welfare sanction led to a sense of penal optimism at this juncture, rather than the despair that then permeated Anglophone discourse, where there was much greater division over the role and place of punishment.37 Lennart Geijer, the Swedish Minister of Justice, thus predicted that the Swedish prison population could be reduced from its existing daily average of 2,808 to 500 (Ministry of Justice, 1974: 2).
1972, consisting exclusively of academics and civil servants, most of whom had been active in 'the November Movement' formed in 1967 and the precursor to KRIM (the Finnish prisoners' rights group).
The end product was the values of moderation, restraint and inclusion that shaped both everyday interaction and the state's programmes of governance, presided over by civil servants and directed by experts.
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